Manual  Training 


FOR  THE 


Rural  Schools 


LOUIS  M.  ROEHL 


Manual  Training  for  the  Rural  Schools 


A  GROUP  OF 


Farm  and  Farm  Home  Woodworking 
Problems 


By 

Louis  M.  Roehl 

Director  of  Farm  Mechanics, 

Milwaukee  County  School  of  Agriculture 

and  Domestic  Economy, 

Wauwatosa,  Wisconsin 


The  Bruce  Publishing  Company 

MILWAUKEE,  WIS. 


Copyright  1916 
The  Bruce  Publishing  Company 


•  •    •*  •  • 

•  •  •*•"•  •  .* 

•  ••••     •    •* 


PREFACE 


THIS  book,  "Manual'  Training  for  the  Rural  Schools," 
as  its  name  implies,  is  a  set  of  woodworking  problems 
especially  adapted  for  the  rural  schools.  It  is  planned  as  a 
textbook  to  be  used  by  the  pupils.  The  material  used  in  all 
of  the  problems  is  such  as  may  be  obtained  locally  by  any 
teacher  in  the  country  schools  and  the  problems  are  within 
the  capacity  of  rural  school  pupils. 

It  is  suggested  to  those  beginning  woodwork  that 
they  follow  closely  the  directions  for  reducing  a  piece  of 
stock  to  dimensions,  observing  closely  the  illustrations  of  the 
tool  operations  referred  to. 

The  problems  consist  of  practical  articles  which  are  used 
in  the  home  and  about  the  farm  in  performing  the  various 
farming  operations. 

416032 


CONTENTS 

Page 

Preface 3 

Woodworking  Equipment  for  Country  Schools 5 

Directions  for  Reducing  Stock  to  Dimensions 8-9 

Bread  Board , 10-11 

Bench  Hook 12-13 

Feeding  Trough  for  Chicks 14-15 

Fly  Trap 16-17 

Folding  Bench 18-19 

Nail  and  Staple  Box 20-21 

Bird  House 22-23 

Window  Screen 24-25 

Tool  Sharpening 26 

Saw  Filing 27 

Milking  Stool 28-29 

Ironing  Board 30-31 

Wagon  Jack ... 32-33 

Community  Bird  House .- 34-35 

Chicken  Feed  Hopper. 36-37 

Chicken  Brooder  Coop  and  Run 38-39 

Singletree  and  Eveners 40-41 

Fence  and  Gate 42-43 

Lacing  a  Belt  with  a  Rawhide  Thong 44 

Lacing  a  Belt  with  a  Metallic  Wire  Belt  Lacing 45 


WOODWORKING  EQUIPMENT  FOR 
COUNTRY  SCHOOLS 

-22-inch  Hand  Rip  Saw  8  Point SI .  50 

-22-inch  Hand  Cross  Cut  Saw  8  Point , 1 .  50 

-Claw  Hammer,  12  oz.  Straight  Claw,  Plain  Face  .  .55 

-Jack  Plane,  14-inch  with  2-inch  Cutter 2. 15 

-Try  Square,  8  inch .35 

-T  bevel,  8  inch 30 

-Marking  Gauge  No.  0 .10 

-Divider,  8  inch .35 

-Carpenter's  Mallet,  2fx3j  inches .25 

-2-foot  Four  Fold  Rule,  Brass  Bound .35 

-i-inch  Socket  Firmer  Chisel .35 

-J-inch  Socket  Firmer  Chisel .35 

-f-inch  Socket  Firmer  Chisel 40 

-Bench  Stops .10 

-8-inch  Bench  Brush .35 

-12-inch  Handy  Saw 1 .  25 

-Steel  Rafter  Framing  Square 1.75 

-Bench  Hook .35 

-6-inch  Screw  Driver .30 

-10-inch  Screw  Driver .50 

-Ratchet  Brace,  12-inch  Sweep 1 .  10 

-10-inch  Flat  Bastard  Mill  File,  with  Handle 25 

-6-inch  Slim  Taper  Triangular  File,  with  Handle...  .  10 

-8-inch  Drawing  Knife .70 

-Nail  Set,  3-32  inch .10 

-Rose  Countersink .15 

-Set  Twist  Drill  Bits 1 .  25 

-2x8-inch  Combination  Grinding  Stone 1 .  00 

-Special  Saw  Set 40 

-6-inch  Combination  Plier .30 

-Putty  Knife 15 

-Set  of  Six  Auger  Bits,  i,  f,  |,  f ,  f,  1  inch  ... 1 .50 

-Coping  Saw,  Nickel  Plated,  Wire  Frame .25 

$20.35 


Hand  Rip  Saw 


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Marking  Gauge. 


Eight-Inch  T  Bevel. 


Combination   Plier. 


Ratchet  Brace. 


Coping  Saw. 


Rose  Countersink. 


Set  Twist  Drill  Bits. 


Combination  Grinding  Stone. 


Saw  Set 


Flat  Bastard  Mill  File. 


Slim  Taper  Triangular  File. 


~^»»^ 


Aimer  Bit. 


utty   Knife. 


MANUAL  TRAINING  FOR  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS 


DIRECTIONS  FOR  REDUCING  STOCK  TO  DIMENSIONS 


1 — Plane  one  side  smooth  and 
mark  "I."  Call  this  side  the 
working  face'.     Fig.  1. 


Fig.  1.     Holding  Wood  Between  Bench  Pegs  and 
Planing  Surface. 


-Plane  one  adjoining  edge 
at  right'angles  to  surface  "I" 
and  mark  "II."  Call  this 
edge  the  working  edge. 
Fig.  2. 


Fig.  2.  Edge  Planing. 


3 — Draw  a  line  across  surface 
"I"  near  one  end  at  right 
angles  to  surface  "II,"  and 
remove  the  end  stock  to 
line  with  saw  or  plane. 
Mark,  end  surface  "III." 
Call  this  end  the  working 
end.     Fig.  3,  Fig.  4. 


Fig.  3.     Squaring  the  End  with  Try  Square 
and  Pencil. 


MANUAL  TRAINING  FOR  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS 


4 — Measure  off  the  length  of  the 
required  piece  on  surface 
"I"  from  the  end  surface 
"III,"  and  reduce  stock  to 
length  with  saw  or  piano. 
Fig.  4. 


Fig.  4a.     End  Planing  with  a  Block  Plane. 


5 — Measure  off  the  width  of  the 
required  piece  on  surface  "I" 
from  edge  "II"  and  remove 
stock    to    line    with    plane. 

6 — With  marking  gauge  set  at 
the  thickness  of  the  required 
piece,  measure  off  the  thick- 
ness of  the  required  stock 
from  surface  "I"  and  remove 
stock  to  line  with  plane. 
Fig.  5. 


Fig.  4. 


Sawing  Cross  Grain  on  Bench  Hook  with 
Back  or  Handy  Saw. 


4a — The  end  may  be  trimmed 
with  a  block  plane  as  shown. 
Fig.  4a. 


Fig.  5.     The  Marking  Gauge  in  01 


6 — In  reducing  a  piece  of 
wood  to  dimensions  the  try 
square  should  be  used  con- 
stantly, to  obtain  right  angles 
with  the  adjoining  surfaces. 
The  stock  should  be  removed 
to  the  line  but  the  line  should 
never  be  cut  away.     Fig.  6. 


Fig.  6.     Testing  to  See  if  End  is  Square 
with  the  Edge. 


10 


MANUAL  TRAINING  FOR  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS 


11 


BREAD  BOARD 

Material  Required 

Lumber :  1  piece  basswood,  pop- 
lar or  white  pine  Hx5^ixll}4 
inches. 

Tools 
Sharp  lead  pencil,  rule,  try 
square,  jack  plane,  handy 
saw,  brace,  Y%  inch  bit,  % 
inch  chisel,  marking  gauge, 
dividers. 

Stock  Bill 
Pieces.        Finished  Dimensions. 
1.  %xblAx\\  inches. 


Fig.  7.     Swinging  an  Arc  with  a  Compass. 

Directions 

1 — Reduce  stock  to  finished  di- 
mensions following  the  above 
directions. 

2 — To  lay  out  round  corners 
locate  points  at  each  corner 
on  both  sides  1  inch  from 
end  and  1  inch  from  edge, 
and  with  dividers  set  at  a  1- 
inch  radius  swing  an  arc 
across  the  corner  to  edge 
and  end.     Fig.  7. 


Fig.  8.     Chiseling  with  the  Grain. 


3 — Draw  a  line  across  edge  and 
end  at  each  corner  1  inch 
from  the  corner  so  that  the 
proper  amount  of  stock  may 
be  removed. 

4 — Remove  stock  at  corner  with 
z/i  inch  chisel,  cutting  with 
the  grain.     Fig.  8. 


Fig.  9.     Boring  a  Hole. 


-Locate  a  point  %  inch  from 
one  end  on  a  center  line 
drawn  lengthwise  of  the 
stock  and  bore  hole  with 
*/%  inch  bit.  Bore  from  one 
side  until  the  point  of  the 
bit  comes  through,  then  turn 
the  board  and  finish  from  the 
other  side.  This  prevents 
splitting  of  the  wood  around 
the   hole.     Fig.   9,    Fig.    10. 


Fig.  10.     Feeling  for  the  Pom!  ..f  the  Bi 


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12 


MANUAL  TRAINING  FOR  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS 


13 


BENCH  HOOK 

Material  Required 

Lumber:     1  piece  white  or  yellow  pine, 
+j|x5^xlOM>  inches. 

1   piece  white  or  yellow  pine 
i^xlj^xll  inches. 
(Cypress  or  Oregon  pine  may 
be  substituted  for  white  or  yel- 
low pine.) 

Hardware:    6  flat  head  bright  wood  screws 
l^inch,  No.  8. 


Fig.  12.     Setting  a  Plane. 

Directions 

1 — Reduce  all  pieces  to  finished  dimensions. 

2 — Draw  a  ce*nter  line  lengthwise  of  big  piece . 

3 — Locate    a    point    on    line    just  drawn   L'  \ , 
inches  from  one  end  and  bore  Y%  inch  hole. 

4 — Locate  points  on  each  of  the  small  pieces 
for  screw- 

5 — Bore  holes  for  screws  with   A  inch   twist 
bit  and  countersink  the  holes. 

6 — Clamp  all  pieces  accurately  in  position  in 
vise  and  assemble  with  screws.  If  white 
pine  or  other  soft  wood  is  use.l  the  screws 
may  be  force:!  into  the  large  piece  without 
drilling  :i  hole,  but  if  yellow  pine  or  other 
hardwood  is  used  a  hole  should  be  made  fot 
starting  the  screw  with  a  smaller  bit  than 
that  used  for  the  shank  of  the  screw. 
The  screw  driver  should  be  held  straight 
and  pressed  firmly  so  as  not  to  mar  the  slot 
in  the  screw. 

The  hole  for  the  head  of  the  screw  should 
be  countersunk  so  that  the  head  is  slightly 
below  the  surface  of  the  wood. 


Fig.      11. 


Position  to  Hold  Sand  Paper  and  Sand 
Paper  Block. 


Tools 

Sharp  lead  pencil,  rule,  try  square,  jack  plane, 
handy  saw,  brace,  %  inch  bit,  No.  &  inch 
twist  drill,  countersink,  screw  driver. 


Stock  Bill 

'ieces. 
1. 
1. 
1. 

Finished  Dimensions. 
%x5V2xlO      in. 

Mxl^x  4^  in. 

Fig.  13.     Countersinking  a  Hole. 


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14 


MANUAL  TRAINING  FOR  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS 


Ifl 


FEEDING  TROUGH  FOR  CHICKS 


Material  Required 

Lumber:     1    piece    cypress,    white    pine    or 
basswood,   }jfx4^x9  inches. 
1  piece  cypress,  white  pine  or  basswood, 
ttxftx22}4  inches. 

1  piece  cypress,  white  pine  or  basswood, 
Hx9x30  inches. 

(Poplar  or  redwood  may  be  substituted 
for  cypress,  white  pine  or  basswood.) 

Hardware:     2  flat  head  bright  wood  screws, 
\y2  inch  No.  10. 
5  dozen  Y%  inch  brads. 
16  \\i  inch  brads. 
12  4d  finishing  nails. 

Tools 

Sharp  lead  pencil,  rule,  try  square,  T  bevel, 
jack  plane,  hammer,  brace,  ^  inch  twist 
drill,  countersink,  nail  set,  screw  driver. 


Fig.  14.     Proper  Position  to  Hold  Screw  Driver 


Pieces. 
2. 
1. 
1. 
2. 
28. 


Stock  Bill 

Finished  Dimensions. 
%x4  x4  inches. 
%x  %x22  inches. 
3^x3  x22  inches. 
1Ax2%x22%  inches. 
lAx  Y2x  2%  inches. 


Use. 
Ends. 
Ridge. 
Bottom. 
Sides. 
Partitions. 


Directions 

1 — Reduce  all  pieces  to  finished  di- 
mensions. 

2 — To  make  the  end  cuts  of  the  par- 
titions hold  the  saw  at  45°  to  a 
right  angle. 

3 — Fasten  ends  to  ridge  with  \l/i  inch 
No.  10  screw.  Use  ffe  inch  twist 
drill  for  screw  hole  and  counter- 
sink hole. 

4 — Fasten  ends  to  sides  and  bottom 
witli  six  4d  finishing  nails  at  each 
end. 

5 — Nail  sides  to  bottom  with  1*4 
inch  brads.  Use  eight  brads  at 
each  side  spaced   evenly. 

6 — Fasten  partitions  by  using  one 
7A  inch  brad  at  each  end. 


Fig.  15.     Ripsawing  on  a  Saw  Horse. 


II) 


MANUAL  TRAINING  FOR  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS 


17 


Lumber 


FLY  TRAP 

Material  Required 

1  piece  white  pine,  cypress  or  basswoood  fgx8x24  inches. 
1  piece  white  pine  or  basswood  3^xlJ^x36  inches. 
Hardware:  16  flat  head  bright  wood  screws  1M  inch,  No.  8. 

4  dozen  carpet  tacks. 

1  piece  wire  fly  screen  14  inches  square. 
16  brads  \\i  inch,  No^l8. 
14  shingle  nails. 


Tools 

Sharp  lead  pencil,  rule,  try  square,  jack 
plane,  handy  saw,  brace  and  A  inch  twist 
drill,  countersink,  screw  driver,  hammer,  nail 
set,  compass. 


Pieces 
4 
8 
2 
2 
2 
2 


Stock  Bill 

Finished  Dimensions 
%x  %x&%  inches. 
%x  %x&Y2  inches. 
%x  %x9H  inches. 
%x  %x8  inches. 
3^x1  x9^  inches. 
YixX     xI}/2  inches. 


Use 

Corners. 

Cross  Pieces. 

Top. 

Top. 

Top. 

Top. 


Fig.  16.     Cross  Sawing  on  a  Saw  Horse. 


Directions 

1 — Reduce  all  pieces  to  finished  dimensions. 

2 — Assemble  box  part  of  trap  by  using  one  flat  head  screw  1}^  inch  No.  8,  and  one  brad  \l/i 
inch  No.  16  at  each  joint.  The  hole  for  the  screw  should  be  made  about  half  the  length 
of  the  screw  with  the  5-32  inch  twist  drill  and  then  countersunk.  The  two  screws  at  each 
corner  must  be  placed  a  little  above  and  below  center  respectively  so  as  not  to  strike 
each  other. 

3 — Place  a  brad  at  each  joint  at  least  %  mcn  from  the  screw  so  as  to  prevent  the  stock  from 
turning. 

4 — Assemble  the  four  %  inch  pieces  for  the  top  same  as  box  and  nail  the  1  inch  strip  as  shown 
in  the  drawing  with  shingle  nails. 

5 — Lay  out  the  pattern  for  the  screen  on  any  piece  of  paper  and  cut  the  screen  to  the  pat- 
tern with  scissors  or  knife. 

6 — Sew  the  pattern  together  at  the  joint  with  a  wire  torn  from  the  edge  of  the  screen. 

7 — Tack  screen  in  place  with  carpet  tacks. 


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18 


MANUAL  TRAINING  FOR  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS 


1'.) 


FOLDING  BENCH 

Material  Required 

Lumber:      1  piece  cypress  or  white  pine  Hx8  inches  x  9  ft.  6  inches. 
1  piece  cypress  or  white  pine  lAx\\i  inches  x  7  feet. 
(Oregon  pine  or  Southern  pine  may  be  substituted  for  cypress  or  white  pine.) 

Hardware:  30  flat  head  bright  wood  screws  \z/i  inches,  No.  10. 
16  flat  head  bright  wood  screws  1  inch,  No.  7. 
4  carriage  bolts  and  washers  %x2  inches. 


Tools 

Sharp  lead  pencil,  rule,  try  square,  jack  plane,  handy  saw,  brace,  %  inch  bit,  &  inch  and 
%  inch  twist  drills,  countersink,  %  inch  chisel,  rip  saw,  screw  driver,  pliers,  dividers. 


Pieces 

2. 
2. 
2. 
4. 
2. 
2. 
4. 


Stock  Bill 

Finished  Dimensions. 


%x2  y2x  4  feet 
%x2V2x  3  l|feet 
%x21AxU1A  inches. 
%x2  x21  inches. 
%x2  xl6  inches. 
%x  %xl4A  inches. 
3^x1     x21      inches. 


0      inches. 
103^2  inches. 


Use. 

Sides. 

Platform. 

Ends. 

Legs. 

End  cross  piece. 

Lower  cross  piece. 

End  braces. 


Directions 

1 — Reduce  all  pieces  to  finished  dimensions. 

2 — Fasten  ends  to  four  long  pieces  by  using  two  1%  inch  No.  10  screws  at  each  joint.     Bore 
holes  for  screws  with  j%  inch  twist  bit  and  countersink  holes. 

3 — Fasten  end  lower  cross  piece  by  placing  five  screws  as  shown  in  the  drawing. 

4 — Locate  points  for  bolts  on  side  pieces  \l/%  inches  from  top  edge  and  3^8  inches  from  end 
and  bore  hole  with  %  inch  bit. 

5 — Bore  %  inch  holes  in  legs  at  end  for  bolts. 

6 — Cut  notch  \i  inch  deep  and  %  inch  wide  in  upper  edge  of  legs  2  inches  from  end  and  fasten 
cross  piece  in  place  with  one  \%  inch  screw  at  each  joint. 

7 — Lay  out  cross  braces,  making  half  lap  joint  at  center  and  fasten  with  two  1  inch  No.  7 
screws  at  each  joint,  and  one  3g  inch  screw  at  half  lap  joint. 

8 — Fasten  legs  to  top  with  bolts. 


20 


MANUAL  TRAINING  FOR  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS 


21 


NAIL  AND  STAPLE  BOX 

Material  Required 

Lumber:      1  piece  white  pine  or  basswood  i$x83ixll3^  inches. 
1  piece  white  pine  or  basswood  ^,\bl/2\\\}^,  inches. 
1  piece  white  pine  or  basswood  3^x4  inches  by  4  feet  2  inches. 
(Redwood,  poplar  or  cypress  may  be  substituted  for  white  pine  or  basswood.) 
Hardware:  5  flat  head  bright  wood  screws  13^  inches,  No.  8. 
3  dozen  4d  finishing  nails. 

Tools 
Sharp  lead  pencil,  rule,  try  square,  jack  plane,  handy  saw,  brace  and  5-32  inch  twist  drill, 
countersink,  1  inch  bit,  screw  driver,  hammer,  %  inch  chisel. 


Fig.  17.     Holding  the  Plane  at  an  Angle  to  Cut  a  Chamfer. 


Pieces. 
1. 
1. 
2. 
2. 
2. 


Stock  Bill 

Finished  Dimensions. 
%x8  xll  inches. 
%x5  34x11  inches. 
3^x4  xl2  inches. 
Hx4  x  8  inches. 
3^x3 Mx  35A  inches. 


Use. 
Bottom. 

Partition  and  handle. 
Sides. 
Ends. 
Cross  partitions. 


Directions 

1 — Reduce  all  pieces  to  finished  dimensions. 

2 — To  lay  out  opening  for  hand  draw  a  line  lengthwise  of  stock  1  Yi  inches  from  upper  edge, 
also  draw  a  center  line  crosswise  of  stock.  Measurements  should  be  made  on  line  running 
lengthwise  of  stock  from  center  line.  Locate  points  on  line  1H  inches  from  center  line 
and  bore  1  inch  holes.  Remove  as  much  as  possible  of  the  remaining  stock  with  1  inch 
bit  and  trim  opening  with  %  inch  chisel. 

3 — In  making  partition  and  handle  first  reduce  piece  to  %x5 34x11  inches.  To  lay  out  the 
slant  draw  two  lines  across  upper  edge  33^  inches  from  ends  and  a  line  across  each  end 
2  inches  from  upper  edge.     Connect  fines  just  drawn  with  lines  on  both  sides. 

4 — Lay  out  }/%  mch  chamfer  on  upper  edge  and  both  ends  of  opening  with  pencil  and  re- 
move stock  with  chisel. 

5 — Remove  stock  for  slant  with  saw  and  trim  to  line  with  plane. 

6 — Lay  out  3-i*  inch  chamfer  on  corners  of  upper  edge  and  remove  stock  with  plane. 

7 — Assemble  box  by  placing  nails  and  screws  as  shown  in  drawing. 


22 


MAMAL  TRAINING    LOR  THE   RLKAL  SCHOOLS 


23 


BIRD  HOUSE 

Material  Required 

Lumber:      1  piece  white  pine  or  basswood  %x5}4  inches  x  3  feet  2  inches. 
1  piece  white  pine  or  basswood  Vp&^Ay&Vi  inches. 
1  piece  white  pine  br  basswood  t^xl^xlb^  inches. 
(Poplar,  cypress  or  redwood  may  be  substituted  for  pine  or  basswood.) 

Hardware:  1  flat  head  bright  wood  screw  2  inch  No.  12. 
4  flat  head  bright  wood  screws  Y%  inch  No.  7. 

1  dozen  134  inch  brads  No.  18. 

2  dozen  1      inch  brads  No.  18. 


Tools 

Sharp  lead  pencil,  rule,  try  square,  jack  plane,  handy  saw,  brace,  coping  saw, 
7-32  inch  and  %  incn  countersink,  screw  driver,  hammer,  nail  set,  T  bevel. 


twist  drills, 


Pieces. 
1. 
2. 
2. 
2. 
1. 


Stock  Bill 

Finished  Dimensions. 
3/2x6  3^x  8  inches. 
%x5  x  534  inches. 
%x4%x  4  inches. 
%x4%x  8  inches. 
YixXYix  2  inches. 
%xl     xl6      inches. 


Use. 

Bottom. 

Ends. 

Sides. 

Roof. 

Brace. 

Post. 


Directions 

1 — Reduce  all  pieces  to  finished  dimensions. 

2 — To  make  doorway  draw  a  center  line  lengthwise  of  end  piece  and  swing  a  circle  with  com- 
pass using  point  on  center  line  134  inches  from  end  as  center. 

3 — Draw  lines  at  right  angle  to  end  tangent  to  sides  of  circle. 

4 — Remove  stock  for  doorway  using  handy  saw  to  cut  to  circle  and  coping  saw  to  make  the 

5 — Set  the  T  bevel  at  the  same  angle  as 
shown  in  the  drawing  and  lay  out  the 
slant  for  the  gable  of  end  pieces. 

6 — With  T  bevel  in  same  position  as  for 
gables  lay  out  bevels  on  upper  edge 
of  both  sides  and  both  edges  of  two 
pieces  for  roof. 

7 — Fasten  brace  to  post  with  2  inch  No. 
12  screw.  Holes  for  flat  head  screws 
should  always  be  bored  and  counter- 
sunk. 

8 — Fasten  brace  and  post  to  bottom  with 
four  %  inch  No.  7  screws  as  shown 
in  drawing. 

9 — Nail  ends  to  sides  by  using  three  1 
inch  brads  at  each  joint. 

10 — Draw  lines  on  lower  side  of  bottom 
piece  where  brads  are  to  be  placed 
so  that  when  driven  through  bottom 
they  will  (>nter  sides  and  ends. 

11 — Nail  bottom,  ends  and  sides  by  us- 
ing three  1  inch  brads  at  each  side 
and  back  and  two  at  front. 

12 — Fasten  top  in  place  by  using  seven 
1  inch  brads  for  each  side. 
],,   is     sttin,  Nail  with  Nail  Set.  13-Set  brads  with  nail  set. 


1 


Mopu/Mjo  W  &/&/-/ 


*//ss 


24 


MANUAL  TRAINING  FOR  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS 


25 


WINDOW  SCREEN 

Material  Required  for  Each  Window 

Lumber:  1  piece  white  pine  or  cypress  1^x2}^  inches  by  width  of  window  for  bottom  rail. 
1  piece  white  pine  13^x2  inches  by  width  of  window  plus  twice  the  length  of  win- 
dow for  top  rails  and  stiles. 

1  piece  white  pine  l^xl  inch  by  width  of  window  for  middle  rail. 
Enough  screen  moulding  to  cover  edges  of  screen  and  middle  rail. 


Hardware:  Twenty  lOd  casing  nails, 
if  nailed  joint  is  used;  1  package  No. 
16  brads  if  mortise  and  tenon  joint 
is  used  and  for  nailing  moulding; 
package  of  carpet  tacks  for  screen; 
wire  fly  screen;  paint. 

The  finished  dimensions  are  not  given 
here  as  they  must  be  obtained  by  measur- 
ing the  window  where  the  screen  is  to  fit. 

The  mortise  and  tenon  joint  is  the 
stronger  and  better  way  of  joining  the 
screen  at  the  corners,  yet  a  nailed  joint 
holds  the  members  firmly  in  place  if  the 


Fig.  19.     Position  of  Chisel  and  Mallet  for  Mortising. 

nails  are  well  placed  at  an  angle  as  shown 
in  the  drawing.  The  screen  need  lap 
only  far  enough  on  the  sides  and  ends  to 
be  securely  nailed.  It  should  not  project 
outside  of  the  moulding  which  is  placed 
on  the  inside  edge  of  the  sides  and  ends 
and  across  the  middle  rail. 

The  painting  should  be  done  carefully 
so  as  to  prevent  moisture  from  getting 
into  the  joints. 


Fig.  20.     Method  for  Holding  Chisel  in  Mortising. 


26 


MANUAL  TRAINING  FOR  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS 


TOOL  SHARPENING 

There  are  three  distinct  operations  in  sharpening  a  plane,  bit  or  chisel;  first,  grinding, 
Fig.  21;  second,  whetting  the  beveled  side,  Fig.  22;  third,  removing  the  wire  edge  from  the 
plain  side,  Fig.  23. 

In  grinding  a  plane  iron  loosen  the  cap  screw  with  a  screw  driver  and  set  the  lever  cap 
back  on  the  plane  iron  so  that  it  will  be  out  of  the  way  when  removing  the  wire  edge  from 
the  plain  side. 


The  plane  iron  or  cutter  should 
be  held  on  the  grinder  so  that  the 
edge  will  be  a  perfect  right  angle 
with  the  side.  It  should  be  held 
firmly  in  one  position  so  that  only 
one  bevel  will  be  formed.  In 
grinding,  the  tool  should  be  moved 
from  side  to  side  on  the  grinder 
so  as  to  prevent  wearing  the  stone 
unevenly. 


Fig.  21.     Grinding  a  Chisel. 


In  whetting  the  beveled  side  of  the 
chisel  or  plane  iron  it  should  be  held 
firmly  in  both  hands  as  indicated  in 
Fig.  22  and  given  three  or  four  for- 
ward strokes,  pressing  the  iron  firmly 
on  to  the  stone.  Do  not  move  the 
wrists  for  this  motion.  The  movement 
should  occur  at  the  elbow  and  by  the 
swaying  of  the  body  forward  and  back. 


Fig.  22.     Whetting  the  Beveled  Side  of  a  Chisel. 


Fig.  23.     Removing  the  Wire  Edge  from  the  Plain 
Side  of  a  Chisel. 


To  remove  the  wire  edge,  lay  the 
flat  side  of  chisel  or  plane  iron,  flat- 
on  the  oil  stone  as  shown  in  Fig.  23 
and  move  it  back  and  forth  three  or 
four  strokes.  Under  no  circumstances 
should  the  end  of  the  iron  be  raised 
or  lowered  so  that  it  won't  lie  flat 
on  the  stone. 

Until  one  becomes  thoroughly  famil- 
iar with  tool  sharpening  the  whetting  of 
both  beveled  and  plain  sides  may 
need  to  be  done  more  than  once  to 
insure  a  good  cutting  tool. 


MANUAL  TRAINING   FOB  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS 


27 


SAW  FILING 

The  first  operation  in  sharpening  a  saw  is  that  of  jointing  the  saw,  Fig.  24.  The  purpose 
of  this  is  to  bring  all  teeth  to  an  even  length.  This  is  done  by  drawing  a  flat  file  across  the 
teeth  of  the  saw.  One  or  two  strokes  is  usually  sufficient.  The  file  must  be  held  perfectly 
square;  this  may  be  facilitated  by  use  of  a  block  called  a  saw  jointer,  as  shown  in  Fig.  24. 

The  second  opera- 
tion in  saw  sharpening 
is  that  of  setting  the 
saw.  This  consists  of 
bending  the  teeth  out- 
ward, one  on  one  side, 
the  next  on  the  other 
and  so  on  till  all  the 
teeth  are  bent.  The 
set  should  not  extend 
more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  tooth. 
For  ordinary  work  the 
teeth  should  be  set 
about  one-third  the 
thickness  of  the  blade. 
For  dry  lumber  the 
saw  will  require  less 
set  than  for  green  or 
wet  lumber. 

The  third  operation  is  that  of  filing  the  saw.  In  filing  a  cross-cut  saw  the  point  of  the 
file  should  point  toward  the  point  of  the  saw  at  an  angle  of  about  45  degrees.  In  filing  a 
rip  saw  the  file  is  held  straight  across  the  saw.     File  every    tooth  to  a  point,  one-half  of 

the  filing  being  done  from  each 
side,  being  careful  to  stop  filing 
a  tooth  when  it  has  been  brought 
to  a  point.  File  the  entire 
length  of  the  saw  from  one  side, 
then  reverse  the  saw  and  file 
from  the"  other  side.  The  front 
edge  of  each  tooth  projecting 
away  from  the  filer  and  the  back 
edge  of  the  tooth  next  ahead, 
should  be  filed  with  the  same 
stroke.  Only  forward  strokes 
of  the  file  should  be  used. 

The  fourth  operation  con- 
sists of  placing  the  saw  flat  on 
a  smooth  surface,  as  the  top  of 
a  bench,  and  running  a  whot- 
Btone'oYBT  the  tooth  bo  as  to  re- 
move the  burr  from  the  teeth 
fig.  flk    Filing  ■  Saw  caused  by  filing. 


Fig.  24.     Jointing  a'Saw. 


1         i 

m 


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i        _>J? 

i -r" 


$ 


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28 


MANUAL  TRAINING  FOR  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS  29 

MILKING  STOOL 

Material  Required 

Lumber:     1  piece  white  pine  ii^'xlO'^'  3". 

(Cypress  or  redwood  may  be  substituted  for  white  pine.) 

Hardware:     15  flat  head  bright  wood  screws,  If"  No.  10.     16  flat  head 
bright  wood  screws,  \\"  No.  8  for  braces. 

Stock  Bill 

Pieces.  Finished  Dimensions:  Use. 

f"xl0"xl2±"  Seat, 

f "xl0"xllf"  Back  Leg. 

f "xl0"x5"  Front  Leg. 


Pail  Rest. 
Front  g 
f'x  2"x4|"  Braces. 


4     AXW    A^-L2 

f "xl0"x5f"  Front  Seat  Support. 


Directions 

1.  Reduce  all  pieces  to  finished  dimensions. 

2.  Round  both  ends  of  the  seat  and  the  front  end  of  the  pail  rest  to 
lines  drawn  across  the  stock  on  both  sides  \"  from  the  end. 

3.  Locate  points  on  seat  for  hand  hole  as  shown  in  the  drawing  and  at 
these  points  swing  circles  with  f "  radius.     Draw  lines  tangent  to  the  circles. 

4.  Bore  a  hole  with  \"  bit  so  that  the  outside  of  the  \"  hole  touches 
the  outside  edge  of  the  circle  and  cut  the  opening  with  a  coping  saw. 

5.  Set  the  T  bevel  for  the  bevel  cuts  at  the  back  end  of  the  pail  rest, 
the  lower  end  of  the  front  seat  support,  the  upper  end  of  the  front  leg  and  the 
upper  end  of  the  braces  from  the  drawing  and  cut  ends  to  the  bevels.  The 
lower  ends  of  the  braces  are  45  degree  cuts  and  may  be  laid  out  by  setting 
the  T  bevel  at  45  degrees  on  the  steel  square. 

6.  Bore  three  holes  for  If"  No.  10  screws  at  each  joint  spaced  as  shown 
in  the  drawing  with  3-16"  wood  twist  drill;  countersink  the  holes  and  assemble 
the  parts. 

7.  Bore  5-32"  holes  for  screws  in  braces;  countersink  the  holes  and 
fasten  the  braces. 

The  stool  may  be  assembled  by  using  four  6d  common  nails  at  each  joint 
and  two  6d  common  nails  at  each  end  of  each  brace;  however  the  screws 
are  a  better  form  of  construction. 


30 


MANUAL  TRAINING  FOR  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS  31 

IRONING  BOARD 

Material  Required 

Lumber:     1  piece  white  pine,  poplar  or  basswood,  lf"xl2"xo'  0". 
1  piece  white  pine,  poplar  or  basswood,  i£"x4"x3/  6". 

1  piece  birch  or  oak  tf xli"x8'  4". 

Hardware:     2  carriage  bolts  \"x2\"  with  2  washers  each. 
4  flat  head  bright  wood  screws  \\" ,  No.  8. 

2  flat  head  bright  wood  screws  f  ",  No.  7. 

2  steel  butt  hinges,  riveted,  with  If"  screws. 


Stock  Bill 

Pieces. 

Finished  Dimensions 

,     Use. 

1. 

I¥"xl2"x5'  0" 

Board. 

2. 

w*i\"&  2" 

Clamps. 

1. 

ii"xl"xl2" 

Parting  Strip. 

1. 

i"xl"x9i" 

Cross  bar. 

1. 

iii"x4"x2'  7" 

Post. 

1. 

i*"x4"xl0" 

Post  and  Hinge 
Support. 

Directions 

1.  Reduce  all  pieces  to  finished  dimensions. 

2.  To  shape  the  board  draw  a  center  line  lengthwise  of  stock  and  swing 
an  arc  with  5"  radius  on  center  line  5"  from  end. 

3.  Draw  lines  across  both  edges  2'  3"  from  the  same  end  as  the  arc. 

4.  Remove  stock  to  line  with  saw,  draw  knife  and  plane. 

5.  Locate  points  for  bolts  4"  from  end  and  2"  from  edge  and  bore  a 
11-16"  hole  \"  deep  on  the  upper  edge  of  board. 

6.  Bore  \"  holes  thru  the  board  in  center  of  11-16"  holes,  and  thru  the 
parting  strips  and  clamps. 

7.  Bolt  these  three  members  in  place  and  plug  the  11-16"  holes. 

8.  Fasten  the  post  to  the  post  and  hinge  support  with  four  1|"  No.  8 
screws. 

9.  Cut  a  small  groove  in  the  lower  side  of  the  board  and  also  in  the 
edge  of  the  post  and  hinge  support  for  the  joint  of  the  hinges  and  fasten  the 
hinges. 

10.  Place  the  board  on  the  bench  and  the  post  standing  up  at  right 
angle  to  the  board  and  fasten  the  cross  bar  to  the  clamps  so  that  it  touches 
the  post. 

11.  Bore  the  §"  hole  in  the  lower  end  of  post  for  hanging  the  board. 


32 


MANUAL  TRAINING  FOR  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS  33 

WAGON  JACK 

Material  Required 

Lumber:     1  piece  oak,  birch,  maple  or  other  hardwood  I"x6"x6'  6". 
Hardware:     6  machine  bolts  f"x3J"  with  washers. 
2  flat  head,  bright  wood  screws  \\" ',  No.  10. 

2  pieces  of  iron  i"xl"x4". 

3  iron  rivets  |"xlf". 

Stock  Bill 


Pieces. 

Finished  Dimensions 

Use 

1. 
1. 
2. 
2. 
1. 
1. 
1. 

1"x3"x3'-0" 

I"x2j"x3'4)" 

I"x2±"xl2" 

l"xll"x22" 

I"x3"x24" 

j"x2"x8" 

I"x4"x4" 

Directions 

Top. 

Main  Brace. 

Front  Standards. 

Back  Standards. 

Lever. 

Foot, 

Wheel. 

1.  Reduce  all  pieces  to  finished  dimensions. 

2.  Round  one  end  of  the  top  by  swinging  an  arc  on  a  centerline  at  one 
end  with  a  radius  of  one  and  one-half  inches,  and  remove  stock  with  saw 
and  chisel. 

3.  Lay  out  axle  notches  by  drawing  lines  across  the  upper  edge  of  the 
top  two  and  three-quarters  inches  apart,  and  another  line  on  the  side  of  the 
stock  one  inch  from  the  top  edge.  Cut  the  notches  with  the  rip  and  cross- 
cut saws. 

4.  Round  the  ends  of  the  front  standards  by  swinging  arcs  on  a  center- 
line  one  and  one-eighth  inches  from  the  end  with  a  one  and  one-eighth  inch 
radius. 

5.  Find  the  center  of  the  piece  for  the  wheel  by  drawing  lines  diagonally 
across  the  stock,  and  swing  the  circle  with  the  compass  set  at  a  2  inch  radius. 

6.  Lay  out  the  lower  end  of  the  main  brace  as  shown  in  the  detail  draw- 
ing to  fit  the  foot,  and  cut  the  upper  end  at  a  bevel. 

7.  Lay  out  and  cut  a  one-quarter  inch  chamfer  around  the  upper  edge 
of  the  foot  excepting  where  it  fits  into  the  main  brace. 

8.  Swing  a  circle  on  a  centerline  drawn  lengthwise  of  the  lever,  one  and 
one-half  inches  from  the  upper  end  with  the  compass  set  at  one  and  one-half 
inch  radius;  taper  the  lever  to  one  and  one-half  inches  at  the  lower  end,  and 
remove  the  stock  to  line.  Lay  out  and  cut  a  one-quarter  inch  chamfer  at  all 
four  corners  of  the  lever  as  shown  in  the  drawing. 

9.  Fasten  the  foot  to  the  main  brace  with  two  one  and  one-half  inch 
No.  10  flat  head,  bright  wood  screws. 

10.  Bore  holes  with  three-eighths  inch  bit  for  bolts  at  positions  shown 
in  the  drawing  and  assemble  parts  with  bolts. 

11.  Bore  one-quarter  inch  holes  for  rivets  of  iron  plate  at  center  of 
circle  of  lever,  as  shown  in  the  drawing  at  upper  end,  and  fasten  plates  by 
riveting  in  position. 


34 


MANUAL  TRAINING  FOR  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS 


COMMUNITY  BIRD  HOUSE 

Material  Required 

Lumber:     1  piece  white  pine  or  basswood  J"x61"x9'  4". 

1  piece  white  pine  or  basswood  -Hi"x4"x4". 

1  piece  white  pine  or  basswood  lj"xl£"xl6". 

(Poplar,  cypress  or  redwood  may  be  substituted  for  white  pine  or 

basswood.) 

Hardware :     1  flat  head  bright  wood  screw  2\" ,  No.  12. 

4  flat  head  bright  wood  screws  \\" ',  No.  8. 

2\  doz.  brads  \\n ',  No.  18,  for  bottom  and  sides. 

1|  doz.  6d  finishing  nails  for  roof. 


ieces. 

Stock  Bill 

Finished  Dimensions. 

Use. 

1. 

|"x6"xl3|" 

Bottom. 

2. 

2     XO'J     'X.A.O'2 

Sides. 

3. 

i"x6"x7i" 

Ends  and  partition 

2. 

i"x5!"xl9§" 

Roof. 

1. 

if"x4"x4" 

Support  for  post. 

1. 

li'x'li"xl6" 

Post 

2. 

i"Yi"Y7" 

2     A2     A' 

Perch 

4. 

Iff     Iff     off 

2     A  2     AO 

Perch  supports. 

Directions 

Fig.  26.     Community  Bird  House. 


1.  Reduce  all  pieces  to  fin- 
ished dimensions. 

2.  To  make  doorway  locate 
a  point  for  center  as  indicated 
in  drawing  and  draw  a  circle 
with  the  compass.  Bore  a  hole 
with  \"  bit  so  that  the  outside 
edge  of  the  hole  touches  the 
circle.  Place  a  coping  saw  blade 
thru  the  \"  hole,  fasten  blade 
in  frame  and  saw  the  circle. 

3.  To  lay  out  the  slant  on 
partition  and  end  pieces  for  gable 
set  the  T  bevel  at  the  same  posi- 
tion as  shown  in  the  drawing. 

4.  Lay  out  the  bevels  at  ridge  and  eaves  of  roof  boards  with  T  bevel 
set  the  same  as  for  end  pieces. 

5.  Fasten  brace  to  post  with  one  flat  head  bright  wood  screw  2J" \  No.  12. 

6.  Drill  holes  for  screws  with  5-32"  wood  twist  drill  \"  from  end  and 
\"  from  side  at  each  corner  of  brace  and  fasten  brace  and  post  to  bottom  with 
four  flat  head  bright  wood  screws  1|",  No.  8. 

7.  Fasten  ends  and  partition  to  bottom  with  four  1J"  No.  18  brads 
at  each  joint. 

8.  Fasten  sides  to  ends  and  partition  by  using  five  brads  on  each  side 
at  the  bottom  and  three  at  each  end. 

9.  Fasten  roof  by  using  three  6d  finishing  nails  at  each  joint.  All 
oaih  and  brads  should  be  spaced  evenly  and  driven  straight  so  as  not  to  run 
out  at  the  side. 

10.  In  boring  the  holes  for  the  }"  screws  in  the  perch  supports  the  wood 
should  be  clamped  in  the  vise  so  as  to  prevent  splitting. 

11.  Fasten  perches  with  f"  No.  6  flat  head  bright  wood  screws  as  shown 
in  the  drawing. 


1 


3^ 


^_t_ 


■$l 


MANUAL  TRAINING  FOR  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS  37 

CHICKEN  FEED  HOPPER 

Material  Required 

Lumber:     2  pieces  white  pine  I"xl2"xl2'  0". 
Redwood  or  cypress  may  be  substituted  for  white  pine. 
Hardware:     \  lb.  8d  common  nails. 

1  round-head  blued  wood  screw  \\"  No.  10. 

2  round-head  blued  wood  screws  \\"  No.  10. 
1  doz.  6d  common  nails. 

1  doz.  6d  finishing  nails. 

2  pair  6"  light  T  hinges. 
32"  of  heavy  cord. 

Small  piece  of  wire  for  fastening  weight. 
2  small  screw  eyes  for  fastening  cord. 

Stock  Bill 

Pieces.     Finished  Dimensions        Use.  Pieces.     Finished  Dimensions.         Use. 

1.  iTxl(Wx22^"        Bottom.  1.     4j|"x7"x2' 4"  Top  door. 

2.  iTxl(Wx22%"        Ends.  1.     4ji"x8"x2'  4"  Top  door. 

2.  4jl"xWx24"  Back.  2.  |ji"x2"xl3"  Cleats  for  door. 

1.  -H("x4H"x24"  Front  at  bottom  2.  i$"xl%"x2'  1"    .  Levers. 

1.  iT'xlW/x24"  Front.  3.  H"xj$"x24M"  Perches. 

1.  iT/x4M/'x24"  Door.  1.  Y2"x2"  D.  Circle  Pulley. 

1.  ^"xIItV'x^"  Top. 

Directions 

1.  Reduce  all  pieces  to  finished  dimensions. 

2.  Nail  the  ends  to  the  bottom  by  using  three  nails  at  each  joint. 

3.  Nail  the  boards  for  the  back  in  place  and  bevel  the  upper  edge  of 
the  upper  board  so  that  the  roof  will  fit  on  it  snugly. 

4.  Bevel  the  lower  edge  of  the  front  board  to  fit  against  the  end  boards; 
fasten  with  three  nails  at  each  end  and  bevel  the  upper  edge  same  as  upper 
edge  of  back. 

5.  Nail  the  front  board  at  bottom  and  bevel  its  upper  edge. 

6.  Fasten  the  top  by  driving  two  nails  into  each  end  board  and  four  into 
the  back. 

7.  Nail  the  cleats  to  the  door  using  at  least  six  6d  common  nails  for  each 
cleat.     The  nails  should  be  driven  at  a  slant  so  as  not  to  come  thru. 

8.  Cut  notches  in  the  upper  edges  of  front  to  receive  the  cleats  when 
the  door  is  closed. 

9.  Fasten  hinges  to  door  and  door  to  top. 

10.  Bevel  the  top  edge  of  the  lower  door  to  fit  front;  fasten  door  by 
placing  the  strap  part  of  the  hinges  against  the  box  and  bevel  the  front  edge 
of  the  door. 

11.  Fasten  the  three  perches  to  the  lever,  by  driving  two  6d  finishing 
nails  thru  the  lever  into  each  end. 

12.  Place  the  levers  driving  a  one  and  three-quarter  inch,  No.  10  round- 
head blued  wood  screw  thru  its  center,  and  into  the  end  of  the  hopper  at 
points  shown  in  the  drawing. 

13.  Fasten  a  screw  eye  into  the  upper  edge  of  one  lever  at  the  front  end, 
and  another  into  the  upper  front  edge  of  the  lower  door. 

14.  Make  a  pulley  for  the  cord  by  sawing  a  two-inch  circle  with  the 
coping  saw;  cut  a  groove  to  receive  the  cord  in  the  face  of  the  pulley  with 
round  file  or  chisel.  Bore  a  hole  thru  the  center  of  the  pully  the  size  of  a 
two-inch,  No.  10  screw  and  fasten  in  position  shown  in  drawing. 

15.  Fasten  cord  to  screw  eyes  and  run  over  the  pulley. 

16.  Hang  a  weight  at  the  back  end  of  the  levers  of  sufficient  weight  to 
lower  the  door. 


38 


MANUAL  TRAINING  FOR  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS 


39 


Lumber: 


Hardware: 


CHICKEN  BROODER  COOP  AND  RUN 

Material  Required 

1  piece  }8"x9"xlO'  0"  white  pine,  Oregon  pine,  cypress  or  redwood. 
1  piece  ^'^^"xlO'  0"  white  pine,  Oregon  pine,  cypress  or  redwood. 
1  piece  B"x2"x7'  6"  white  pine,  Oregon  pine,  cypress  or  redwood. 
1  piece  %,"x\y2"\2'  0"  white  pine,  Oregon  pine,  cypress  or  redwood. 
1  piece  %"x\"x2'  0"  white  pine,  Oregon  pine,  cypress  or  redwood. 
\i  lb.  4d  common  nails. 
1  lb.  6d  common  nails. 
21  lineal  ft.  18",  1"  mesh  chicken  wire. 


V±  lb.  -^"poultry  netting  staples. 


Stock 

Bill 

Pieces. 

Finished  Dimensions          Use. 

Pieces. 

Finished  Dimensions 

3. 

iJ"x9"x28^" 

Platform. 

3. 

:Hi"xi0"x25" 

4. 

ir'x2H"x27" 

Cleats  for  bot- 

3. 

^,/xl0"x24ii'/ 

tom  and  sides. 

1. 

iT'xlO"x20" 

2. 

*3"x2"xl9" 

Middle  door 

2. 

iii"x9"xi8" 

slats. 

1. 

if 'x2^"x23" 

2. 

H"x2"xl3H" 

Side  door  slats. 

2. 

ii"xwxiw 

2. 

if'x2"xl2" 

Front  piece 
of  slot  for  door. 

4. 

iTx2"x3'  9" 

2. 

%"xl"xll" 

Back  piece  of 

4. 

if 'x2"x2' 4  %" 

slot  for  door. 

4. 

tf'x2"xl8" 

Fig.  27.     Chicken  Brooder  Coop  and  Run. 


Use. 
Roof. 
Roof. 
Back. 
Back. 

Cleat  for  back. 
Cleats  for 
door. 

Run  sides. 
Run  ends. 
Run  posts. 

Directions 

1.  Reduce  all  pieces  to 
finished  dimensions  and  label 
each  piece.  Labels  should  be 
written  neatly  with  letters  about 
the  size  used  in  writing  on  paper. 
Careless  writing  does  not  look 
well    on    woodwork. 

2.  Fasten  bottom  cleats  to 
bottom  by  driving  two  6d  com- 
mon nails  in  each  board  at  each 
end.  The  nails  are  longer  than 
the  thickness  of  the  boards  and 
should  be  driven  at  a  slant  so 
as  not  to  go  thru. 

3.  Fasten  cleats  to  roof 
boards  same  as  bottom  and  drive 
two  nails  into  each  board  at  the 
ridge. 

4.  For  laying  out  the  slant 
on  upper  end  of  pieces  for  back 
and  front  the  T  bevel  should 
be  used  and  may  be  set  at  the 
same  angle  as  the  drawing. 

and  roof;  set  back  pieces  in  place 


5.  Fasten  cleat  to  back  pieces  the  same  as  bottom 
and  nail  thru  edge  of  back  roof  board. 

6.  Nail  the  two  lower  front  pieces  firmly  in  place  by  nailing  thru  edge  of  front  roof  board 
and  one  nail  in  end  of  roof  board  cleat. 

7.  Place  cleats  for  door  as  shown  in  "Top  view  of  door"  and  fasten  with  6d  nails. 

8.  Fasten  cleats  to  door  by  using  two  4d  common  nails  at  each  joint.  Take  a  few  shav- 
ings from  the  side  of  the  side  pieces  so  the  door  may  slide  freely. 

9.  Cut  the  ends  of  the  corner  posts  of  the  run  as  shown  in  the  detail  drawing  and  join 
the  corners  with  three  6d  common  nails  placed  as  shown  in  detail  of  corner.  Assemble  the 
sides  and  ends  fii >t . 

10.  In  fastening  the  wire  begin  at  one  corner  and  run  the  wire  around  the  run,  cutting 
the  opening  for  the  door  as  wide  as  the  door  and  eight  inches  high.  Do  not  cut  the  bottom 
strand  of  wire.    Staples  should  be  placed  not  more  than  6  inches  apart. 

11.  Run  the  wire  lengthwise  at  the  top  and  fasten  with  staples  at  the  end  and  sides. 

12.  Bore  a  3S  inch  hole  thru  the  upper  door  cleat  at  the  center.  A  peg  placed  in  this 
hole  may  rest  on  the  upper  end  piece  of  the  run  and  hold  the  door  open.  A  similar  hole  thru 
a  slat  of  the  door  and  into  the  front  edge  of  the  front  roof  board  furnishes  a  place  for  the 
pen  to  hold  the  door  open  when  the  run  is  not  in  use.  A  brooder  coop  should  be  built  so  that 
the  roof  may  be  removed  and  the  platform  thoroly  cleaned. 


40 


MANUAL  TRAINING  FOR  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS  41 


THREE-HORSE  EVENER 

Lumber:  1  piece  select  hickory  If"x5"x4'  4".  (If  hickory  is  not  avail- 
able, white  ash  may  be  used.) 

Hardware:     1  iron  rivet  f"x3f"  with  2  washers. 
1  iron  rivet  \"xb\"  with  2  washers. 

Directions 

1.  Reduce  stock  to  If"x5"x4'  4". 

2.  Lay  out  the  taper  for  the  one-horse  end  by  drawing  a  line  from  a 
point  on  the  back  edge  of  the  stock  21"  from  the  two-horse  end  to  a  point  on 
the  one-horse  end  3J"  from  the  front  edge. 

3.  Remove  the  stock  to  line  with  saw  and  plane. 

4.  Lay  out  and  cut  a  J"  chamfer  on  the  edges  of  the  stock  as  indicated 
in  the  drawing. 

5.  Bore  J"  holes  for  the  rivets  1|"  from  ends  and  fasten  rivets  by 
securely  riveting  them. 

6.  Locate  points  2"  from  ends  and  1  \"  from  back  edge  of  stock  and  bore 
f  "  holes  for  clevises. 

7.  Locate  a  point  18"  from  the  two-horse  end  and  1|"  from  the  front 
edge,  and  bore  a  f  "  hole  for  main  clevis  pin. 

TWO-HORSE  EVENER 

Lumber:     1  piece  select  hickory  or  ash  lf"x4J"x4'  0". 
Hardware:     2  iron  rivets  i"x3f". 

Directions 

1.  Reduce  stock  to   If"x4i"x4'  0". 

2.  Lay  out  the  taper  by  drawing  lines  across  the  back  edge  of  the  stock 
21"  from  each  end  and  lines  across  both  ends  3 J"  from  the  front  edge  and  con- 
necting the  lines  by  lines  drawn  on  the  sides  of  the  stock. 

3.  Remove  the  stock  to  line  with  the  saw  and  plane. 

4.  Lay  out  and  cut  a  \"  chamfer  on  the  edges  of  the  stock  as  indicated 
in  the  drawing. 

5.  Bore  J"  holes  for  the  rivets  1J"  from  ends  and  place  rivets. 

6.  Locate  points  2"  from  ends  and  If"  from  back  edge  of  stock  and 
bore  9-16"  holes  for  clevises. 

7.  Locate  a  point  24"  from  either  end  and  If"  from  the  front  edge  and 
bore  a  f "  hole  for  the  main   clevis  pin. 

SINGLETREE 

Lumber:     1  piece  of  hickory  or  ash  2i"x2j"x2'  10". 

Directions 

1.  Square  up  the  stock  to  finished  dimensions. 

2.  Find  the  center  at  each  end  by  drawing  lines  diagonally  as  shown 
in  the  detail  drawing. 

3.  Draw  a  circle  at  center  of  each  end  \\"  in  diameter. 

4.  Cut  a  templet  of  pasteboard  as  shown  in  the  detail  drawing  and 
use  in  getting  the  singletree  a  perfect  oval  at  the  center. 

5.  In  removing  the  stock,  bring  it  to  a  square  at  the  end,  then  an  octagon 
and  then  a  circle.  Remove  the  bulk  of  the  stock  with  the  saw  and  finish  with 
the  plane.     The  singletree  may  be  sanded  to  produce  a  smooth  finish. 


42 


MANUAL  TRAINING  FOR  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS  43 


FENCE  AND  GATE 

Material  Required 

Lumber:     5  pieces  white  or  yellow  pine  f"x6"xl6'  0". 

2  pieces  white  or  yellow  pine  J"x6"xl4'  0". 

1  piece  white  or  yellow  pine  J"x4"x6'  0". 

1  piece  round  hardwood  f  "x6". 

(Oregon  pine  or  cypress  may  be  substituted  for  white  or  yellow  pine.) 

Hardware :     2  pair  screw  hook  and  strap  hinges. 

26  carriage  bolts  f  "x3". 

16  carriage  bolts  f  "x2". 

23  6d  common  nails. 


Stock  Bill 

Pieces. 

Finished  Dimensions. 

Use. 

4. 

i"x6"xl6'  0" 

Horizontal  pieces. 

6. 

i"x6"x4'  0" 

Vertical  pieces. 

2. 

I"x6"x8'  3" 

Braces. 

2. 

I"x4"x20" 

Uprights  for  latch 

1. 

f "x4"x2'  2" 

Latch. 

2. 

I"x2"x4". 

Blocks  above  and  below  latch. 

2. 

!"x2"x6" 

Blocks  above  and  below  latch, 

1. 

f  "  round  x  6" 

long 

Knob. 

Directions 

1.  Reduce  all  pieces  to  finished  dimensions. 

2.  Fasten  the  vertical  pieces  to  the  horizontal  pieces  by  placing  two 
f  "x3"  carriage  bolts  at  each  joint. 

3.  Fasten  the  braces  to  the  horizontal  members  by  using  two  f  "x2" 
carriage  bolts  at  places  indicated  in  the  drawing. 

4.  Bore  a  f"  hole  in  the  center  of  the  latch  for  the  knob;  place  knob 
in  position  and  fasten  by  driving  a  6d  nail  into  the  upper  edge  of  the  latch 
so  that  the  point  of  the  nail  will  go  into  the  knob. 

5.  Place  latch  in  position. 

6.  Assemble  the  uprights  for  the  latch  to  the  two  middle  horizontal 
pieces  8"  from  the  front  end  vertical  piece  by  driving  two  6d  common  nails 
at  each  end  from  each  side. 

7.  In  like  manner  fasten  the  blocks  above  and  below  the  latch,  as 
shown  in  the  detail  drawing,  using  two  6d  nails  from  each  side. 


1 


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45 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
THIS  BOU±VsiTAMPED  BELOW 

AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

OVERDUE. __ 


U^7 


LD  21-100m-8,'34 


Oaylord  Bro* 

Makers 

Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

FAT.  JAM.  21.  t90l 


416032 

7?& 


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